Polyaxial bone screw with shank-retainer insert capture

ABSTRACT

A polyaxial bone screw assembly includes a threaded shank body member having an upper portion with an internal drive and, alternatively, a laterally extending alignment rib or fin. The bone screw assembly also includes a lockable receiver coupling member, an open retainer ring member having a slit or gap and a compression insert member. An inset conical or cylindrical surface on the shank upper portion frictionally engages a similarly shaped inner surface of the retainer ring. The receiver includes a restrictive lower opening that allows for uploading the shank upper portion and compressed retainer ring into the receiver cavity, but prevents passage of the retainer ring out of the receiver once the ring inner surface engages the conical surface of the shank upper portion.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/154,460, filed May 23, 2008 which claimed the benefit of U.S.Provisional Application No. 60/931,362 filed May 23, 2007, andincorporated by reference herein. This application is also acontinuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/818,555filed Apr. 5, 2004 that is a continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 10/464,633 filed Jun. 18, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,716,214 anda continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/651,003,filed Aug. 28, 2003, all of which are incorporated by reference herein.This application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 11/140,343 filed May 27, 2005, also incorporated byreference herein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to polyaxial bone screws for use inbone surgery, particularly spinal surgery, and particularly to capturestructures and inserts for such screws.

Bone screws are utilized in many types of spinal surgery in order tosecure various implants to vertebrae along the spinal column for thepurpose of stabilizing and/or adjusting spinal alignment. Although bothclosed-ended and open-ended bone screws are known, open-ended screws areparticularly well suited for connections to rods and connector arms,because such rods or arms do not need to be passed through a closedbore, but rather can be laid or urged into an open channel within areceiver or head of such a screw.

Typical open-ended bone screws include a threaded shank with a pair ofparallel projecting branches or arms which form a yoke with a U-shapedslot or channel to receive a rod. Hooks and other types of connectors,as are used in spinal fixation techniques, may also include open endsfor receiving rods or portions of other structure.

A common mechanism for providing vertebral support is to implant bonescrews into certain bones which then in turn support a longitudinalstructure such as a rod, or are supported by such a rod. Bone screws ofthis type may have a fixed head or receiver relative to a shank thereof.In the fixed bone screws, the rod receiver head cannot be moved relativeto the shank and the rod must be favorably positioned in order for it tobe placed within the receiver head. This is sometimes very difficult orimpossible to do. Therefore, polyaxial bone screws are commonlypreferred.

Open-ended polyaxial bone screws allow rotation of the head or receiverabout the shank until a desired rotational position of the head isachieved relative to the shank. Thereafter, a rod can be inserted intothe head or receiver and eventually the receiver is locked or fixed in aparticular position relative to the shank.

During the rod implantation process it is desirable to utilize bonescrews or other bone anchors that have components that remain within thebone screw and further remain properly aligned during what is sometimesa very lengthy, difficult procedure. For example, some bone screwsdesirably include compression inserts or other parts that are designedto securely and fully engage surface portions of a rod or otherlongitudinal connecting member.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A polyaxial bone screw assembly of the present invention includes ashank having a generally elongate body with an upper end portion a neckbelow the upper end portion and a lower threaded portion for fixation toa bone. The upper end portion includes at least first and secondsurfaces, the second surface being at least partially inset or at leasta portion thereof spaced inwardly from the first surface. For example,the first and second surfaces may be in the form of two substantiallycylindrical surface portions of different widths or diameters or acylindrical surface portion and a conical surface portion that is insetfrom the cylindrical surface portion. Alternatively, the upper endportion may include a laterally extending alignment structure in theform of a fin, rib or lug that can at least partially fill a gap or slotin a retainer component and block rotation between these two parts.

The bone screw assembly further includes a lockable receiver couplingmember having a top portion and a base. The top portion is open and hasa channel. The base includes an inner surface partially defining acavity and a lower aperture or opening to an exterior of the base. Thechannel of the top portion communicates with the cavity, which in turncommunicates with the base lower opening; such opening is sized andshaped to receive the shank upper end portion into the receiver cavity.The parts are arranged such that the shank neck is in close alignmentwith and positioned directly below the receiver cavity.

The bone screw assembly also includes an open ring-like retainerstructure defining a gap or slit and further having a discontinuousinternal surface sized and shaped to be received over the lower conicalor cylindrical surface portion to capture, house and hold the retainerand shank upper end portion within the lockable receiver couplingmember. In the illustrated embodiment, the fin of the shank upperportion is disposed within the gap or slit of the retainer structure.The external surface of the retainer structure is configured to be inslidable, pivotable engagement with a seating surface defining a portionof the cavity of the receiver. Preferably, the retainer structureexternal surface and the mating receiver inner seating surface aresubstantially spherical. However, it is noted that the mating surfacesmay be of another shape, such as conical, cylindrical or tapered,especially for the receiver cavity inner seating surface. Thecooperating shapes of the retainer external surface and the receiverseating surface enable selective angular positioning of the shank bodywith respect to the receiver.

The illustrated bone screw assembly further includes a compression orpressure insert disposed between the shank upper portion and alongitudinal connecting member, such as a rod, being held in place bythe bone screw. An upper or top surface of the shank upper end portionis sized and shaped for frictionally engagement with a lower surface ofthe pressure insert. In one embodiment according to the invention, theshank upper portion includes a tool engagement formation with aninternal drive. The shank upper top surface can include knurling and theshank upper portion is sized in axial length such that the shank uppersurface engages the compression insert at a location substantiallyspaced from the retainer structure. Thus, at any operational pivotedposition of the bone screw shank with respect to the receiver, thecompression insert is always spaced from the retainer structure andnever engages the same, advantageously providing for the exertion ofpressure exclusively onto the stronger integral shank upper portion. Theretainer structure of the present invention is split and thus couldbecome twisted or mis-aligned if placed under the opposing shear forcesand even torsional forces caused if the pressure insert were allowed topress upon an edge or surface of the retainer structure when it is in apivoted, angled or oblique position. In the embodiments of the presentinvention, the shank upper end portion includes an axially directedlength adequate to prevent such undesirable engagement between thepressure insert and the retainer structure. The retainer structure isadvantageously disposed substantially below the pressure insert andbetween the shank upper portion and the receiver seating surface, withonly the shank upper portion pressing the retainer structure against thereceiver seating surface. The fact that the retainer structure can onlyengage the shank upper end portion and the receiver, and never thepressure insert, and still move in a polyaxial way with respect to thereceiver is a unique and novel feature for the invention.

OBJECTS AND ADVANTAGES OF THE INVENTION

Therefore, objects of the invention include: providing a polyaxial bonescrew having a shank with off-set surfaces that cooperate with aretaining structure that is configured with inset capture surfaces forretaining an upper portion of the shank in a lockable bone screwreceiver coupling member and also configured for polyaxial motion withrespect to the receiver prior to locking; providing such a polyaxialbone screw that includes a pressure insert that exerts pressureexclusively on the integral and stronger shank upper end portion andthat is substantially spaced from the retaining structure; providing alightweight, low profile polyaxial bone screw that assembles in such amanner that the components cooperate to create an overall structure thatprevents unintentional disassembly; providing a polyaxial bone screwwith features that provide adequate frictional or gripping surfaces forbone implantation tools and may be readily, securely fastened to eachother and to bone; and providing apparatus and methods that are easy touse and especially adapted for the intended use thereof and wherein theapparatus are comparatively inexpensive to make and suitable for use.

Other objects and advantages of this invention will become apparent fromthe following description taken in conjunction with the accompanyingdrawings wherein are set forth, by way of illustration and example,certain embodiments of this invention.

The drawings constitute a part of this specification and includeexemplary embodiments of the present invention and illustrate variousobjects and features thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of a polyaxial bone screwassembly according to the present invention having a shank, a receiver,a retainer and a compression insert and further shown with a closurestructure.

FIG. 2 is an enlarged front elevational view of the shank of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is an enlarged perspective view of the retainer of FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 is an enlarged cross-sectional view taken along the line 4-4 ofFIG. 3.

FIG. 5 is an enlarged and partial exploded front elevational view of theshank, retainer and receiver of FIG. 1 with portions broken away to showthe detail thereof showing the shank and retainer in a first stage ofassembly.

FIG. 6 is an enlarged and partial front elevational view similar to FIG.5 showing the shank being uploaded into the retainer in a subsequentstage of assembly.

FIG. 7 is an enlarged and partial front elevational view similar to FIG.6 showing a subsequent stage of assembly.

FIG. 8 is an enlarged and partial front elevational view similar to FIG.7 and also including the compression insert, showing a subsequent stageof assembly.

FIG. 9 is an enlarged side elevational view of the compression insert ofFIG. 1 with portions broken away to show the detail thereof.

FIG. 10 is an enlarged perspective view of the assembly of FIG. 1 shownassembled with a rod and with portions broken away to show the detailthereof.

FIG. 11 is an exploded perspective view of a second embodiment of apolyaxial bone screw assembly according to the present invention havinga shank, a receiver, a retainer and a compression insert and furthershown with a closure structure.

FIG. 12 is an enlarged perspective view of the retainer of FIG. 11.

FIG. 13 is an enlarged cross-sectional view taken along the line 13-13of FIG. 12.

FIG. 14 is an enlarged perspective view of the assembly of FIG. 11 shownassembled with a rod and with portions broken away to show the detailthereof.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

As required, detailed embodiments of the present invention are disclosedherein; however, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodimentsare merely exemplary of the invention, which may be embodied in variousforms. Therefore, specific structural and functional details disclosedherein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a basis forthe claims and as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in theart to variously employ the present invention in virtually anyappropriately detailed structure. It is also noted that any reference tothe words top, bottom, up and down, and the like, in this applicationrefers to the alignment shown in the various drawings, as well as thenormal connotations applied to such devices, and is not intended torestrict positioning of bone attachment assemblies of the applicationand cooperating connecting members in actual use.

With reference to FIGS. 1-10, the reference number 1 generallyrepresents an embodiment of a polyaxial bone screw apparatus or assemblyaccording to the present invention. The assembly 1 includes a shank 4that further includes a threaded body 6 integral with an upper portion8; a receiver 10; an open retainer structure or ring 12; and acompression insert 14. The shank 4, receiver 10, retainer structure 12,and compression insert 14 preferably are factory assembled prior toimplantation of the shank body 6 into a vertebra (not shown).

With further reference to FIG. 1, also shown is a closure structure 18for biasing a longitudinal connecting member such as a rod 21 having acylindrical surface 22 against the compression insert 14 that in turnpresses upon the shank upper portion 8 which biases the retainer 12 intofixed frictional contact with the receiver 10, so as to fix the rod 21relative to the vertebra (not shown). The receiver 10 and the shank 4cooperate in such a manner that the receiver 10 and the shank 4 can besecured at any of a plurality of angles, articulations or pivotalalignments relative to one another and within a selected range of anglesboth from side to side and from front to rear, to enable flexible orarticulated engagement of the receiver 10 with the shank 4 until bothare locked or fixed relative to each other near the end of animplantation procedure.

The shank 4, best illustrated in FIGS. 1, 2 and 5, is elongate, with theshank body 6 having a helically wound bone implantable thread 24extending from near a neck 26 located adjacent to the upper portion 8 toa tip 28 of the body 6 and extending radially outwardly therefrom.During use, the body 6 utilizing the thread 24 for gripping andadvancement is implanted into the vertebra (not shown) leading with thetip 28 and driven down into the vertebra with an installation or drivingtool, so as to be implanted in the vertebra to near the neck 26, and asis described more fully in the paragraphs below. The shank 4 has anelongate axis of rotation generally identified by the reference letterA.

The neck 26 extends axially upwardly from the shank body 6. The neck 26may be of reduced radius as compared to an adjacent top 32 of thethreaded body 6. Further extending axially upwardly from the neck 26 isthe shank upper portion 8 that provides a connective or captureapparatus disposed at a distance from the threaded body top 32 and thusat a distance from the vertebra when the body 6 is implanted in thevertebra.

The shank upper portion 8 is configured for a polyaxial connectionbetween the shank 4 and the receiver 10 and capturing the shank 4 upperportion 8 in the receiver 10. The illustrated upper portion 8 generallyincludes an outer conical surface portion 33 located adjacent the neck26; an annular planar retainer seat portion 34; a substantiallycylindrical surface portion 35; a curved and annular upper surface 36and a planar top surface 38. The planar top surface 38 is substantiallyperpendicular to the cylindrical surface portion 35 and substantiallyparallel to the seat portion 34. As shown in the drawings and describedmore fully below, the height of the portion 35 along the axis A ensuresthat the cooperating lower pressure insert 14 is separated from andnever engages the retainer 12 throughout a full range of polyaxialmotion of the assembly 1 in all directions. The conical portion 33extends between the neck 26 and the retainer seat 34. The retainer seat34 defines a lower edge 39 of the cylindrical portion 35. A structure inthe form of a rib or fin 40 extends laterally from the conical portion33 and a lower part of the cylindrical portion 35. A tool engagementinternal drive feature or structure 42 is formed in the top end surface38. A driving tool (not shown) has a driving projection configured tofit within the tool engagement structure 42 for both driving androtating the shank body 6 into the vertebra.

The upper surface 36 of the shank 4 is preferably curved or radiused asshown in the drawings, for contact engagement or positive matingengagement with the compression insert 14, when the bone screw assembly1 is assembled, as shown in FIG. 10 and in any pivotal alignment of theshank 4 relative to the receiver 10. The illustrated surface 36 also hasapproximately the same radius as an inner spherical seating surface ofthe receiver 10, allowing for clearance of the shank 4 with respect tothe receiver 10 and thus a desired degree and magnitude of articulationof the shank 4 with respect to the receiver 10, as will be described ingreater detail below. In certain embodiments, the surface 36 is smooth.While not required in accordance with the practice of the invention, thesurface 36 may be scored or knurled to further increase frictionalpositive mating engagement between the surface 36 and the compressioninsert 14.

The shank 4 shown in the drawings is cannulated, having a small centralbore 44 extending an entire length of the shank 4 along the axis A. Thebore 44 is defined by an inner cylindrical wall of the shank 4 and has acircular opening 46 at the shank tip 28 and an upper openingcommunicating with the internal drive 42. The bore 44 is coaxial withthe threaded body 6 and the upper portion 8. The bore 44 provides apassage through the shank 4 interior for a length of wire (not shown)inserted into the vertebra (not shown) prior to the insertion of theshank body 6, the wire providing a guide for insertion of the shank body6 into the vertebra (not shown).

With reference to FIGS. 2 and 5, the retainer seat 34 of the shank upperportion 8 is formed by the off-set positioning and cooperation of thesurface portions 33 and 35. The off-set nature of the surface portion 35with respect to the surface portion 33 creates the surface 34 that issubstantially planar, annular and disposed perpendicular to the axis Aof the shank and sized and shaped to engage the retainer structure 12,as will be described in greater detail below. The illustrated conicalsurface portion 33 is primarily sized and shaped for full frictionalengagement with the retainer structure 12. The illustrated cylindricalsurface portion 35 is sized and shaped to have a portion thereof beingin frictional engagement with a portion of the retainer structure 12.Furthermore, the surface portion 34 is sized and shaped to provide aspace between the structure 12 and the compression insert 14.Specifically, the cylindrical surface portion 35 has an axial length(with respect to the axis A) that is sufficient to keep an engagedretainer structure 12 in spaced apart relation with an engaged insert 14in any and all angles, articulations or pivotal alignments of the shank4 with respect to the receiver 10. Thus, at no time during assembly oroperation does the insert 14 directly engage the retainer structure 12(see FIG. 10, for example).

The rib or fin 40 that extends radially outwardly from both the conicalportion 33 and a part of the cylindrical portion 35 includes a topsurface 50, a bottom surface 52, a pair of opposed and substantiallyparallel side surfaces 54 and 55, an outer curved surface 56 and a bevel58 disposed between the top surface 50 and the outer curved surface 56.In the illustrated embodiment, the bottom surface 52 is a narrow rimextending between the outer curved surface 56 and the conical surfaceportion 33 of the shank upper portion 8 that is disposed near the neck26. The top surface 50 is substantially planar, disposed substantiallyperpendicular to the axis A and extending from the cylindrical surfaceportion 35 at a location spaced from the curved upper surface 36. Thesurfaces 56 and 58 are flush with outer surfaces of the retainerstructure 12 when the seat 34 operatively engages the retainer 12 aswill be discussed in greater detail below.

To provide a biologically active interface with the bone, the threadedshank body 6 may be coated, perforated, made porous or otherwisetreated. The treatment may include, but is not limited to a plasma spraycoating or other type of coating of a metal or, for example, a calciumphosphate; or a roughening, perforation or indentation in the shanksurface, such as by sputtering, sand blasting or acid etching, thatallows for bony ingrowth or ongrowth. Certain metal coatings act as ascaffold for bone ingrowth. Bio-ceramic calcium phosphate coatingsinclude, but are not limited to: alpha-tri-calcium phosphate andbeta-tri-calcium phosphate (Ca₃(PO₄)₂, tetra-calcium phosphate(Ca₄P₂O₉), amorphous calcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite(Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂). Coating with hydroxyapatite, for example, isdesirable as hydroxyapatite is chemically similar to bone with respectto mineral content and has been identified as being bioactive and thusnot only supportive of bone ingrowth, but actively taking part in bonebonding. In association with such coating of the shank, the lockablereceiver coupling member can be configured to rigidly lock onto a boredelement or sleeve member that can slide on the rod or core longitudinalconnecting member even after rigid locking together of the receiver andthe shank, thereby allowing continued motion of the spine.

Referring to FIGS. 1 and 5, the receiver 10 has a generally U-shapedappearance with a partially cylindrical inner profile and asubstantially curved or cylindrical outer profile; however, the outerprofile could also be of another configuration, for example, faceted.The receiver has an axis of rotation B that is shown in FIG. 1 as beingaligned with and the same as the axis of rotation A of the shank 4, suchorientation being desirable during assembly of the receiver 10 with theshank 4, the retainer structure 12 and the insert 14. With reference toFIGS. 10, after the receiver 10 is pivotally attached to the shank 4,and the assembly 1 is implanted in a vertebra (not shown), the axis B istypically disposed at an angle with respect to the axis A of the shank4.

The receiver 10 includes a base 60 integral with a pair of opposedsubstantially similar or identical upstanding arms 62 forming a U-shapedcradle and defining a U-shaped channel 66 between the arms 62 with anupper opening 67 and a lower seat 68 having substantially the sameradius as the rod 21 for operably receiving the rod 21. Each of the arms62 has an interior surface 70 that defines the inner cylindrical profileand includes a partial helically wound guide and advancement structure72. In the illustrated embodiment, the guide and advancement structure72 is a partial helically wound interlocking flange form configured tomate under rotation with a similar structure on the closure structure18, as described more fully below. However, it is foreseen that theguide and advancement structure 72 could alternatively be a squarethread, a buttress thread, a reverse angle thread or other thread likeor non-thread like helically wound advancement structure for operablyguiding under rotation and advancing the closure top downward betweenthe arms 62.

Tool engaging apertures 75 are formed on or through surfaces of the arms62 that may be used for holding the receiver 10 during assembly with theshank 4 and the retainer structure 12 and also during the implantationof the shank body 6 into a vertebra (not shown). It is foreseen thattool receiving grooves or apertures may be configured in a variety ofshapes and sizes and be disposed at other locations on the receiver arms62.

A pair of spring tabs 76, each having an upper body portion 78 integralwith a respective arm 62, and a lower end 80 extending downwardly andinwardly from the respective upper body portion 78. The tabs 76 aregenerally directed towards the axis B and downwardly away from the guideand advancement structure 72. The lower ends 80 are thus positioned toengage the compression insert 14 and hold such insert in a desiredposition as will be described in greater detail below. The tabs 76 aretypically initially disposed parallel to the axis B and then a tool (notshown) is inserted into the aperture 75 from outside of the receiver 10to engage and push the respective tab 76, thereby bending the tab 76inwardly in a direction toward the axis B until the tab 76 is at adesired angular position, such as is illustrated in FIG. 5. Such bendingof the tabs 76 may be performed either prior to or after assembly of thereceiver 10 with the insert 14, the shank 4 and the retainer 12. In theillustrated embodiment, the tabs 76 are bent inwardly prior toinstallation with the components 14, 4 and 12. It is also foreseen thatthe tabs 76 may be machined or otherwise pre-fabricated to be angled ordirected toward the axis B so as to engage the insert 14 as shown in thedrawing figures. The illustrated tabs 76 are resilient, having aspring-like nature. Thus, when operatively cooperating with the insert14, the tabs 76 bias against the insert 14, holding such insert in adesired position; and yet the tabs 76 are flexible enough to allow auser to make desired adjustments of the position of the insert 14 withinthe receiver 10. The tabs could be replaced with crimp holes.

With further reference to FIG. 5, communicating with and located beneaththe U-shaped channel 66 of the receiver 10 is a chamber or cavity,generally 82, defined in part by an internal curvate or sphericalseating surface 84 and an inner substantially cylindrical surface 86.The cylindrical surface 86 that defines a portion of the cavity 82 opensupwardly into the U-shaped channel 66. The inner surface 84 that islocated below the surface 86 is sized and shaped for mating with theretainer structure 12, as described more fully below.

The base 60 further includes a restrictive neck 88 defining a bore,generally 90, communicating with the spherical surface 84 of the cavity82 and also communicating with a lower exterior 92 of the base 60. Thebore 90 is coaxially aligned with respect to the rotational axis B ofthe receiver 10. The neck 88 and associated bore 90 are sized and shapedto be smaller than an outer radial dimension of the retainer structure12 when the structure 12 is attached to the shank upper portion 8, so asto form a restriction at the location of the neck 88 relative to theretainer structure 12, to prevent the retainer structure 12 and attachedshank upper portion 8 from passing through the cavity 82 and out intothe lower exterior 92 of the receiver 10.

The retainer structure or open ring 12 is used to capture the shankupper portion 8 and retain the upper portion 8 within the receiver 10while being articulatable or pivotal in unison with the upper portion 8within the receiver 10. The retainer 12, best illustrated in FIGS. 1 and3-5, has an operational central axis that is the same as the rotationalaxis A associated with the shank 4, but when the retainer structure 12is separated from the shank 4, the axis of rotation is identified asaxis C, as shown in FIG. 1. The retainer structure 12 has a centralbore, generally 95, that passes entirely through the retainer structure12 from a top surface 96 to a bottom surface 97 thereof. Both the topsurface 96 and the bottom surface 97 are substantially planar anddisposed perpendicular to the axis C. An inner discontinuous andsubstantially cylindrical surface 99 defines a substantial portion ofthe bore 95. The cylindrical surface 99 is sized and shaped to beslidingly received and frictionally engaged about a lower section of thecylindrical surface portion 35 of the shank upper portion 8. Thecylindrical surface 99 has an axial length (along the axis C) that isrelatively small compared to an overall axial length of the retainerstructure 12. Such relatively small axial length advantageouslycooperates with the axial length of the cylindrical surface portion 35of the shank upper portion 8 to provide sufficient space between theretainer structure 12 and the insert 14 during operation of the assembly1. In the illustrated embodiment, an inner discontinuous substantiallyconical surface 100 defines a substantial portion of the bore 95. Theconical surface 100 is sized and shaped to be slidingly received andfrictionally engaged about the conical surface portion 33 of the shankupper portion 8. A discontinuous and substantially planar annularseating surface 101 is disposed between and connects the surface 99 withthe off-set surface 100. The seating surface 101 is disposedsubstantially perpendicular to the axis C. The seating surface 101 issized and shaped to abut against and frictionally engage the seatingsurface 34 of the shank upper portion 8. The cooperating surfaces 99 and35; 100 and 33; and 101 and 34 prohibit the retainer structure 12 fromsliding off of the upper portion 8 in a direction toward the U-shapedchannel 66. The retainer structure 12 further includes a discontinuouscurvate or spherical outer surface 103 and a discontinuous bevel 104disposed between the outer surface 103 and the top surface 96. A gap,generally 105 is defined by and disposed between facing side surfaces106 and 107. The gap 105 or space between the surfaces 106 and 107 inthis embodiment is sized for slidingly receiving the rib 40 between thesurfaces 106 and 107. Surfaces 106 and 107 can be parallel or somewhattapered and the fin can have matching side surfaces.

As will be described in greater detail below, the retainer structure 12is somewhat flexible and resilient and may be manipulated or squeezed bymoving the surfaces 106 and 107 toward one another as illustrated inFIG. 6 or, if necessary, slightly pulled apart for receiving the fin orrib 40 during assembly with the shank 4 as illustrated in FIGS. 7 and 8.The resilient nature of the structure 12 allows for the structure 12 tospring into an original shape as shown in FIGS. 1, 3 and 7 upon releaseof a manipulative compressing or pulling force.

The retainer structure 12 outer surface 103 can also be knurled and issized and shaped to mate with the seating surface 84 of the receiver 10which in addition can be knurled. When in a non-compressed state, awidth of the surface 103 is larger than the width of the neck 88 of thereceiver 10. The shank upper portion 8 conical surface 33, annular seat34 and cylindrical surface 35, when engaged with the retainer 12, fixthe retainer 12 at a desired diameter or width such that the retainer 12is prohibited from moving through the receiver neck 88 and out of thereceiver 10. Although not required, it is foreseen that the outersurface 103 may be a high friction surface such as a knurled surface,sand blasted surface, or the like. It is foreseen that in someembodiments of the invention, the retainer top surface 96 and the shankupper portion 8 may be configured so that the upper flat surface 96abuts and supports a mating surface on the shank upper portion.

With reference to FIGS. 1 and 8-10, the compression insert 14 is sizedand shaped to be received by and downloaded or uploaded into thereceiver 10. In the illustrated embodiment, the insert 14 is downloadedinto the receiver as shown in FIG. 8. In operation, the insert 14 isdisposed between the rod 21 and the upper portion 8 of the bone screw 4as illustrated, for example, in FIG. 10. When the closure structure 18presses upon the rod 21, the rod 21 operatively presses upon the insert14 that in turn presses exclusively upon the shank upper end portion 8,a portion of which is attached to the retainer 12, that, in turn,presses against the seating surface 84 of the receiver 10, resulting inultimate frictional engagement and locking of the angular position ofthe bone screw shank 4 with respect to the receiver 10. The compressioninsert 14 has an operational central axis D that is the same as thecentral axis B of the receiver 10.

With particular reference to FIGS. 8-10, the compression insert 14 has acentral channel or through bore substantially defined by a an innercylindrical surface 110 and an inner partially spherical surface 112,both having the central axis D. The compression insert 14 through boreis sized and shaped to receive a driving tool (not shown) therethroughthat engages the shank drive feature 42 when the shank body 6 is driveninto bone. The surface 112 is sized and shaped to cooperate with thespherical or otherwise curvate surface 36 of the shank upper portion 8for polyaxial motion of the screw 1 such that the surface 112 slidinglyand pivotally mates with the surface 36. The surface 112 may include aroughening or surface finish to aid in frictional contact between thesurface 112 and the surface 36, once a desired angle of articulation ofthe shank 4 with respect to the receiver 10 is reached.

The compression insert 14 also includes a pair of arms 114 with aU-shaped surface or saddle 116 formed therebetween. The saddle 116defines a U-shaped channel that communicates with the bore defined bythe cylindrical surface 110 and the spherical surface 112. The curvedsurface or saddle 116 is sized and shaped to closely receive thecylindrical rod 21. With reference to the axis D, the saddle 116 extendsfrom top surfaces 118 of the arms to a curved lower seat 120 near abottom surface 122 of the insert 114. In operation, the lower seat 120(as well as a substantial portion of a remainder of the saddle 116)frictionally engages the surface 22 of the rod 21.

A base having an outer cylindrical surface 124 is disposed between thesaddle 116 and the bottom surface 122. The cylindrical surface 124 alsoextends about the arms 114. Formed in the surface 124 and locatedcentrally with respect to each arm 114 outer cylindrical surface is ashallow groove 126 having a substantially flat surface. The grooves 126are sized and shaped to cooperate with the tabs 76 of the receiver 10 aswill be described in greater detail below. Thus, although the grooves126 may be of any shape, they are preferably elongate with the flatsurface running parallel to the axis D and having a width that receivesthe respective tab 76. The bottom surface 122 is substantially planarand annular and disposed perpendicular to the axis D.

The compression or pressure insert 14 ultimately seats exclusively onthe shank upper portion 8 and is disposed substantially in the uppercylindrical portion 86 of the cavity 82, with the tabs 76 engaging theinsert 14 at the grooves 126, thereby holding the insert 14 in desiredalignment with respect to the rod 21 as will be described in greaterdetail below. In operation, the insert 14 extends at least partiallyinto the channel 66 such that the saddle 116 surface substantiallycontacts and engages the outer surface 22 of the rod 21 when such rod isplaced in the receiver 10 and the closure structure or top 18 istightened therein.

With reference to FIGS. 1 and 10, the closure structure or closure top18 can be any of a variety of different types of closure structures foruse in conjunction with the present invention with suitable matingstructure on the upstanding arms 62. In the embodiment shown, theclosure top 18 is rotatably received between the spaced arms 62, butcould be a turn-cam, slide-in or other type of closure structure. Theillustrated closure structure 18 is substantially cylindrical andincludes an outer helically wound guide and advancement structure 132 inthe form of a flange form that operably joins with the guide andadvancement structure 72 disposed on the arms 62 of the receiver 10. Theflange form utilized in accordance with the present invention may take avariety of forms, including those described in Applicant's U.S. Pat. No.6,726,689, which is incorporated herein by reference. It is alsoforeseen that according to the invention the closure structure guide andadvancement structure could alternatively be a buttress thread, a squarethread, a reverse angle thread or other thread like or non-thread likehelically wound advancement structure for operably guiding underrotation and advancing the closure structure 18 downward between thearms 62 and having such a nature as to resist splaying of the arms 62when the closure structure 18 is advanced into the U-shaped channel 66.The illustrated closure structure 18 also includes a top surface 134with an internal drive 136 in the form of an aperture that may be a hexdrive, or as illustrated, a star-shaped internal drive, for example,sold under the trademark TORX or other internal drives such as slotted,tri-wing, spanner, two or more apertures of various shapes, and thelike. A driving tool (not shown) sized and shaped for engagement withthe internal drive 136 is used for both rotatable engagement and, ifneeded, disengagement of the closure 18 from the receiver arms 62. It isalso foreseen that the closure structure 18 may alternatively include abreak-off head designed to allow such a head to break from a base of theclosure at a preselected torque, for example, 70 to 140 inch pounds.Such a closure structure would also include a base having an internaldrive to be used for closure removal. A bottom surface 138 of theclosure may be planar or include a point, points, a rim or rougheningfor engagement with the surface 22 of the rod 21. The closure top 18 mayfurther include a cannulation through bore extending along a centralaxis thereof and through the top surface 134 and the bottom surface 138.Such a through bore provides a passage through the closure 18 interiorfor a length of wire (not shown) inserted therein to provide a guide forinsertion of the closure top into the receiver arms 62.

The elongate rod or longitudinal member 21 that is utilized with theassembly 1 can be any of a variety of implants utilized inreconstructive spinal surgery, but is normally a cylindrical elongatestructure having the illustrated cylindrical surface 22 of uniformdiameter and having a generally smooth surface. Although a cylindricalrod is shown, a variety of shapes are possible, including but notlimited to bars of square or rectangular cross section, ovalcross-section, and the like. Furthermore, the rod 21 may be a componentof a dynamic stabilization connecting member, with the rod or rodportion 21 that is operatively disposed within the U-shaped channel 66also being integral or otherwise fixed to a more flexible, bendable ordamping component that extends between adjacent pairs of bone screwassemblies 1. Such a rod or rod component may be made from a variety ofmaterials including metal, metal alloys or other suitable materials,including, but not limited to plastic polymers such aspolyetheretherketone (PEEK), ultra-high-molecular weight-polyethylene(UHMWP), polyurethanes and composites, including composites containingcarbon fiber. Also, the connecting component can be a polyethylene-likecord that can be tensioned.

With particular reference to FIG. 5, prior to the polyaxial bone screwassembly 1 being placed in use according to the invention, the tip 28 ofthe shank 6 is inserted into the through bore 95 of the retainerstructure 12 and the structure 12 is moved or threaded up the shaft 6 ofthe shank 4 to a position about the neck 26 near the shank upper portion8. The gap 105 between the surfaces 106 and 107 allows for such movementand the surfaces 106 and 107 may be pulled away from one another toprovide clearance about the shank thread 24, if necessary.Alternatively, in some embodiments, the surfaces 106 and 107 may bemoved or pulled away from one another, widening the gap 105 and allowingthe retainer 12 to be slipped over and around the shank 4 at the neck26. With reference to FIG. 6, the retainer structure 12 is then squeezedwith the surfaces 106 and 107 being moved close together and a width andouter circumference of the retainer 12 being compressed to allow forbottom loading of the compressed retainer 12 and the shank upper portion8 into the receiver 10 through the bore 90 defined by the neck 88. Asthe shank upper portion 8 is inserted into the cavity 82 toward theU-shaped channel 66 and is slid along the cylindrical surface 86, thespring tabs 76 are moved outwardly away from the axis A by the curved orradiused upper surface 36 of the shank upper portion 8. The outercylindrical surface portion 35 presses against the spring tabs 76,keeping the tabs in an out-of-the-way position during assembly of theshank upper portion 8 with the retainer structure 12.

With reference to FIG. 7, the retainer structure 12, now disposed in thereceiver 10 is released from compression, allowing the gap 105 to returnto an original width shown in FIG. 1. The retainer structure 12 is thenseated within the receiver 10 with the outer spherical surface 103 insliding engagement with the receiver inner spherical seating surface 84.The rib 40 of the shank upper portion 8 is then coaxially aligned withthe gap 105 of the retainer structure 12 and the shank body 6 is pulleddownwardly away from the U-shaped channel 66 so that the rib 40 isreceived into the gap 105 and slidingly moved along the axes A and Cbetween the side surfaces 106 and 107 of the retainer structure 12 untilthe seating surface 101 abuts the seating surface 34. At that time theconical surface portion 33 of the shank upper portion 8 is receivedwithin the inner conical surface 100 of the retainer 12 and a portion ofthe cylindrical surface portion 35 of the shank upper portion 8 isreceived within the inner cylindrical surface 99 of the retainer 12. Asillustrated in FIG. 8, when the seating surfaces 101 and 34 engage, theouter spherical surface 56 of the rib 40 is flush with the outerspherical surface 103 of the retainer structure 12 and the bevels 58 and104 also are flush. Also as illustrated in FIG. 8, the rib 40 is sizedand shaped such that the side surface 54 frictionally engages the sidesurface 106 of the retainer structure 12 and the side surface 55frictionally engages the side surface 107 of the retainer structure 12.As the shank upper portion 8 is pulled downwardly into the retainer 12and into the cavity or chamber 82, the spring tabs 76 return to aposition with the lower ends 80 extending toward the axis B.

Preferably, the shank 4 and or the retainer 12 are aligned and engagedto a fully frictionally mated position at a factory setting thatincludes tooling for holding and precise alignment until lockingfrictional engagement therebetween is accomplished. Permanent, rigidengagement of the shank upper portion 8 to the retainer structure 12 maybe further supported by the use of adhesive, a spot weld, a deformation,or the like. At this time the shank 4 and the attached retainer 12 arefixed or coupled to one another and both are in pivotal swivelableengagement with respect to the receiver 10. The retainer 12 is inslidable engagement with the receiver curvate seating surface 84. Theshank body 6 can be rotated through a substantial angular rotationrelative to the receiver 10, both from side to side and from front torear so as to substantially provide a universal or ball joint. Theradiused or curved surface 36 of the shank upper portion 8 is also sizedand shaped to clear a juncture between the cylindrical surface 86 andthe spherical seating surface 84, if a more extreme angular position isdesired.

The compression or pressure insert 14 is then inserted or top loadedinto the upper opening 67 of the U-shaped channel 66 of the receiver 10with the bottom surface 122 facing the top surface 38 of the shank upperportion 8 and the arms 118 aligned with the arms 62 of the receiver 10as illustrated in FIG. 8. As the insert 14 is moved downwardly towardthe cylindrical portion 86, the tabs 76 are received in respectivegrooves 126. The tabs 76 press against the insert 14 at the grooves 126,allowing for some upward and downward adjustment of the insert 14.However, rotation of the insert 14 about the receiver axis B isprohibited by the tabs 76 abutting against cylindrical surfaces of thearms 114. Surfaces defining the lower curved portion of the grooves 126also prohibit the tabs 76 from sliding along the outer cylindricalsurface of the base 124, thus resisting upward movement of the insert 14out of the receiver 10. As illustrated in FIG. 10, the insert 14 seatson the shank upper portion 8 with the surface 112 in sliding engagementwith the surface 36. The shank body 6 can still be rotated through asubstantial angular rotation relative to the receiver 10, both from sideto side and from front to rear so as to substantially provide auniversal or ball joint, during which the insert 14 remains spaced fromthe retainer structure 12.

In use, the assembly 1 is typically screwed into a bone, such as avertebra (not shown), by rotation of the shank 4 using a driving tool(not shown) that operably drives and rotates the shank 4 by engagementthereof with the tool engagement structure 42. The vertebra (not shown)may be pre-drilled to minimize stressing the bone and have a guide wire(not shown) that is shaped for the cannula 44 inserted to provide aguide for the placement and angle of the shank 4 with respect to thevertebra. A further tap hole may be made using a tap with the guide wireas a guide. Then, the assembly 1 is threaded onto the guide wireutilizing the cannulation bore 44 by first threading the wire into thebottom opening 46 and then out of the top at the internal drive 42. Theshank 4 is then driven into the vertebra, using the wire as a placementguide.

With reference to FIG. 10, the rod 21 is eventually positioned in anopen or percutaneous manner within the receiver U-shaped channel 66, andthe closure structure or top 18 is then inserted into and advancedbetween the arms 62 so as to bias or push against the rod 21. Alignmentof the rod surface 22 with the saddle 116 of the insert 14 is initiallyprovided and then maintained by pressure placed at the insert grooves126 by the tabs 76. The closure structure 18 is rotated, using a toolengaged with the inner drive 136 until a selected pressure is reached atwhich point the rod 21 engages the saddle 116 and the rod is urgedtoward, but not in contact with the lower seat 68 of the receiver 10that defines the U-shaped channel 66. For example, about 80 to about 120inch pounds pressure may be required for fixing the bone screw shank 6with respect to the receiver 10.

As the closure structure 18 rotates and moves downwardly into thereceiver 10, the bottom surface 138 presses against the rod surface 22,biasing the rod into engagement with the compression insert 14 thatoperably produces a frictional engagement between the insert surface 112and the shank surface 36, urging the shank upper portion 8 and attachedretainer 12 in a direction toward the base 60 of the receiver 10, so asto frictionally seat the spherical surface 103 of the retainer 12against the inner spherical surface 84 of the receiver 10, also fixingthe shank 4 and the retainer 12 in a selected, rigid position relativeto the receiver 10. At this time it is also possible for the retainer 12to expand somewhat for an even tighter fit in the receiver cavity lowerseat 84. This is especially so if the gap in the retainer is somewhattapered or wedged in shape. However, the retainer 12 does not come intocontact with the insert 14, the insert 14 being exclusively seated onand pressing upon the shank upper portion 8 in any and all articulatedpositions of the shank 4 with respect to the receiver 10. The retainerstructure 12 that is spaced from the insert 14 engages only the shankupper portion 8 and the receiver 10; the structure 12 being pressed uponby the upper portion 8 and in turn pressing upon the receiver 10 innerseating surface.

If removal of the rod 21 from any of the bone screw assemblies 1 isnecessary, or if it is desired to release the rod 21 at a particularlocation, disassembly is accomplished by using the driving tool (notshown) that mates with the internal drive 136 on the closure structure18 to rotate and remove the closure structure 18 from the cooperatingreceiver 10. Disassembly is then accomplished in reverse order to theprocedure described previously herein for assembly.

With reference to FIGS. 11-14, an alternative bone screw assembly of theinvention, generally 201 includes a shank 204 that further includes abody 206 integral with an upper portion or capture structure 208; a heador receiver 210; a retainer 212 illustrated as an open retaining andarticulating structure; and a compression insert 214. With reference toFIGS. 11 and 14, the assembly 201 cooperates with a closure structure218 and a rod 221. The receiver 210, the compression insert 214, theclosure structure 218 and the rod 221 are identical or substantiallysimilar to the respective receiver 10, insert 14, closure structure 18and rod 21 previously described herein with respect to the assembly 1.

The shank 204 is substantially similar to the shank 4 previouslydescribed herein with the exception that the shank 204 does not includea rib or fin similar to the rib 40 of the shank upper portion 8 and theconical surface 33 is replaced by a cylindrical surface 233. The shank204 is elongate, with the shank body 206 having a helically wound boneimplantable thread 224 extending from near a neck 226 located adjacentto the upper portion 208 to a tip 228 of the body 206 and extendingradially outwardly therefrom. During use, the body 206 utilizing thethread 224 for gripping and advancement is implanted into the vertebra(not shown) leading with the tip 228 and driven down into the vertebrawith an installation or driving tool, so as to be implanted in thevertebra to near the neck 226, and as is described more fully in theparagraphs below. The shank 204 has an elongate axis of rotationgenerally identified by the reference letter E.

The neck 226 extends axially upwardly from the shank body 206. The neck226 may be of reduced radius as compared to an adjacent top 232 of thethreaded body 206. Further extending axially upwardly from the neck 226is the shank upper portion 208 that provides a connective or captureapparatus disposed at a distance from the threaded body top 232 and thusat a distance from the vertebra when the body 206 is implanted in thevertebra. To provide a biologically active interface with the bone, thethreaded shank body 206 may be coated, perforated, made porous orotherwise treated as previously described herein with respect to theshank body 6.

The shank upper portion 208 is configured for a polyaxial connectionbetween the shank 204 and the receiver 210 and capturing the shank 204upper portion 208 in the receiver 210. The upper portion 208 generallyincludes the first, lower or in-set cylindrical surface portion 233located adjacent the neck 226; an annular planar retainer seat portion234; an off- or out-set substantially cylindrical second surface portion235; a curved and annular upper surface 236 and a planar top surface238. The planar top surface 238 is substantially perpendicular to thecylindrical surface portion 235 and substantially parallel to the seatportion 234. The cylindrical portion 233 extends between the neck 26 andthe retainer seat 34. The retainer seat 234 defines a lower edge 239 ofthe cylindrical portion 235. A tool engagement internal drive feature orstructure 242 is formed in the top end surface 238. A driving tool (notshown) has a driving projection configured to fit within the toolengagement structure 242 for both driving and rotating the shank body206 into the vertebra.

The upper surface 236 of the shank 204 is preferably curved or radiusedas shown in the drawings, for exclusive contact engagement or positivemating engagement with the compression insert 214, when the bone screwassembly 201 is assembled, as shown in FIG. 14 and in any alignment ofthe shank 204 relative to the receiver 210. The illustrated surface 236also has approximately the same radius as an inner spherical seatingsurface of the receiver 210, allowing for clearance of the shank 204with respect to the receiver 210 and thus a desired degree and magnitudeof articulation of the shank 204 with respect to the receiver 210. Incertain embodiments, the surface 236 is smooth. While not required inaccordance with the practice of the invention, the surface 236 may bescored or knurled to further increase frictional positive matingengagement between the surface 236 and the compression insert 214.

The shank 204 shown in the drawings is cannulated, having a smallcentral bore 244 extending an entire length of the shank 204 along theaxis E. The bore 244 is defined by an inner cylindrical wall of theshank 204 and has a circular opening 246 at the shank tip 228 and anupper opening communicating with the internal drive 242. The bore 244 iscoaxial with the threaded body 206 and the upper portion 208. The bore244 provides a passage through the shank 204 interior for a length ofwire (not shown) inserted into the vertebra (not shown) prior to theinsertion of the shank body 206, the wire providing a guide forinsertion of the shank body 206 into the vertebra (not shown). Theretainer seat 234 of the shank upper portion 208 is a substantiallyplanar annular surface disposed perpendicular to the Axis E of the shankand sized and shaped to engage the retainer structure 212 as will bedescribed in greater detail below. The first or inner cylindricalsurface portion 233 and the second or outer cylindrical surface portion235 are also sized and shaped to slidingly engage portions of theretainer structure 212, also described in greater detail subsequentlyherein.

The retainer structure or open ring 212 is used to capture the shankupper portion 208 and retain the upper portion 208 within the receiver210. The retainer 212, best illustrated in FIGS. 12 and 13, has anoperational central axis that is the same as the rotational axis Eassociated with the shank 204, but when the retainer structure 212 isseparated from the shank 204, the axis of rotation is identified as axisG. The retainer structure 212 has a central bore, generally 285, thatpasses entirely through the retainer structure 212 from a top surface286 to a bottom surface 287 thereof. Both the top surface 286 and thebottom surface 287 are substantially planar and disposed perpendicularto the axis G. An inner discontinuous and substantially cylindricalsurface 289 defines a substantial portion of the bore 285. Thecylindrical surface 289 is sized and shaped to be slidingly received andfrictionally engaged about a lower segment of the cylindrical surfaceportion 235 of the shank upper portion 208. An inner discontinuoussubstantially cylindrical surface 290 also defines a substantial portionof the bore 285. The cylindrical surface 290 is sized and shaped to beslidingly received and frictionally engaged about the in-set or innercylindrical surface portion 233 of the shank upper portion 208. Adiscontinuous and substantially planar annular seating surface 291 isdisposed between and connects the surface 289 with the surface 290. Theseating surface 291 is disposed substantially perpendicular to the axisG. The seating surface 291 is sized and shaped to abut against andfrictionally engage the seating surface 234 of the shank upper portion208. The cooperating cylindrical surfaces 289 and 235; cylindricalsurfaces 290 and 233; and planar annular abutting seating surfaces 291and 234 cooperate to prohibit the retainer structure 212 from sliding ina direction upwardly off of the upper portion 208 toward a U-shapedchannel of the receiver 210. It is foreseen a shank upper portion andretainer structure combination according to the invention mayalternatively include cooperating conical surfaces or a conical surfacecooperating with a cylindrical surface and cooperating abutting or seatsurfaces adjacent to planar or other shaped surfaces in lieu of or inaddition to the illustrated cooperating cylindrical surfaces. It is alsoforeseen that shank upper portion and retainer structure combinationsaccording to the invention may include cooperating conical orcylindrical surfaces and not include the illustrated abutting annularsurfaces 234 and 291.

The retainer structure 212 further includes a discontinuous curvateouter surface 293 and a discontinuous bevel 294 disposed between theouter surface 293 and the top surface 286.

A gap or slit, generally 295 is defined by and disposed between facingside surfaces 296 and 297. The side surface 296 and 297, in theembodiment shown, are substantially parallel and evenly spaced from oneanother and are disposed at an oblique angle with respect to the topsurface 286 and the bottom surface 287, but other configurations arepossible. The gap or slit 295 allows for the somewhat flexible andresilient retainer structure 212 to be squeezed or otherwise manipulatedby moving the surfaces 296 and 297 toward or away from one another andin opposite directions with reference to the axis G. The resilientnature of the structure 212 allows for the structure 212 to spring backinto an original shape as shown in FIGS. 11 and 14 after beingmanipulated. As will be described in greater detail below, the obliqueorientation of the surfaces 296 and 297 allows for a desired narrow gapor slit 295 to be sufficient for bottom loading of the structure 212 asthe surfaces 296 and 297 slide against each other when the structure 212is squeezed, for example, the surface 296 moving upwardly and thesurface 297 moving downwardly or oppositely with respect to the axis G.Thus, such oblique orientation of the surfaces 296 and 297 provides forsufficient minimizing of a width or circumference of the structure 212for bottom loading into the receiver 210 and also provides almost fullcoverage of the structure 212 about the shank upper portion 208 when thestructure 212 is engaged with the portion 208 and operatively disposedwithin the receiver 210. Again, it is foreseen that in other embodimentsaccording to the invention, the surfaces 296 and 297 may be disposed atother oblique angles or alternatively substantially perpendicular to thetop and bottom surfaces 286 and 287. In such an alternative embodiment,a gap between the surfaces 296 and 297 may be wider than the illustratedgap 285.

The retainer structure 212 radially outer substantially sphericallyshaped surface 293 is sized and shaped to mate with the sphericallyshaped inner seating surface of the receiver 210 that is identical orsubstantially similar to the inner receiving surface 84 of the receiver10 previously described herein with respect to the assembly 1. When in anon-compressed state, a radius of the surface 293 is larger than theradius of a lower neck 288 of the receiver 210. The shank upper portion208 cylindrical surface 233, annular seat 234 and cylindrical surface235, when engaged with the retainer 212, fix the retainer 212 at adesired diameter or width such that the retainer 212 is prohibited frommoving downwardly through the lower neck 288 and out of the receiver210. Although not required, it is foreseen that the outer curvate shapedsurface 293 may be a high friction surface such as a knurled surface orthe like.

With particular reference to FIG. 11, prior to the polyaxial bone screwassembly 201 being placed in use according to the invention, the tip 228of the shank 206 is inserted into the through bore 285 of the retainerstructure 212 and the structure 212 is moved or threaded up the shaft206 of the shank 204 to a position about the neck 226 near the shankupper portion 208. The gap 295 between the surfaces 296 and 297 allowsfor such movement and the surfaces 296 and 297 may be pulled away fromone another to provide clearance about the shank thread 224, ifnecessary. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the surfaces 296 and 297may be moved or pulled away from one another, widening the gap 295 andallowing the retainer 212 to be slipped over and around the shank 204 atthe neck 226. The retainer structure 212 is then squeezed with thesurfaces 296 and 297 moved into engagement with one another and thestructure being slightly twisted to slide the surfaces 296 and 297 inopposite directions with respect to the axis G and thus the top surface286 and the bottom surface 287 slightly contorted into a non-planarorientation to result in a width or outer circumference of the structure212 small enough to enter the receiver 210 through the lower restrictiveneck 288. Such contorted and squeezed orientation of the structure 212about the shank neck 226 allows for bottom loading of the compressedretainer 212 and the shank upper portion 208 into the receiver 210through a bore defined by the neck 288. The retainer structure 212, nowdisposed in the receiver 210 is released from compression, allowing theslit or gap 295 to return to an original width and orientation shown inFIGS. 11 and 14. The retainer structure 212 is then seated within thereceiver 210 with the outer spherical surface 293 in sliding engagementwith an inner spherical seating surface of the receiver 210. The shankbody 206 is pulled downwardly toward the lower neck 288 and along theaxes E and G until the seating surface 291 abuts the seating surface234. At that time the cylindrical surface portion 233 of the shank upperportion 208 is received within the inner cylindrical surface 290 of theretainer 212 and a portion of the cylindrical surface portion 235 of theshank upper portion 208 is received within the inner cylindrical surface289 of the retainer 212. Permanent, rigid engagement of the capturestructure 208 to the retainer structure 212 may be further supported bythe use of adhesive, a spot weld, a deformation, or the like. At thistime the shank 204 and the attached retainer 212 are fixed to oneanother and both are in swivelable engagement with respect to thereceiver 210. The shank body 206 can be rotated or swivelled through asubstantial angular rotation relative to the receiver 210, both fromside to side and from front to rear so as to substantially provide auniversal or ball joint.

The compression or pressure insert 214 is then inserted or top loadedinto the receiver 210 in a manner identical or similar to that describedpreviously herein with respect to the insert 14 and the receiver 10. Aswith the insert 14, the insert 214 remains spaced from the retainerstructure 212 as the shank body 206 is swivelled through a substantialangular rotation relative to the receiver 210, both from side to sideand from front to rear. With reference to FIG. 14, in use, the assembly201 is typically implanted with a cooperating longitudinal connectingmember, such as the rod 221, as previously described herein with respectto the assembly 1. The assembly 201 may also be disassembled aspreviously described herein with respect to the assembly 1.

It is to be understood that while certain forms of the present inventionhave been illustrated and described herein, it is not to be limited tothe specific forms or arrangement of parts described and shown.

1. A polyaxial bone anchor comprising: a) a shank having a body forfixation to a bone and an upper portion, the body and upper portionbeing generally aligned along an axis of rotation thereof, the upperportion having an upper surface, a first cylindrical section and asecond cylindrical section, the first section being adjacent the uppersurface, the first section having a first diameter measuredperpendicular to the axis, the second section having a second diametermeasured perpendicular to the axis, the second diameter being reducedwith respect to the first diameter, the second section being disposedbetween the body and the first section; b) a receiver having a topportion and a base, the receiver top portion defining an open channel,the base having a seating surface partially defining a cavity, thechannel communicating with the cavity, the cavity communicating with anexterior of the base through an opening sized and shaped to receive theshank upper portion therethrough; c) a compression insert disposed inthe receiver, the insert having a mating surface exclusivelyfrictionally engageable with the upper surface of the shank upperportion; and d) a retainer having a through slit and an internal surfacesized and shaped to closely receive the shank upper portion, the shankupper portion and the retainer being in non-swivelable relation to oneanother, both the upper portion and the retainer being in swivelablerelation within the receiver, providing selective angular positioning ofthe shank with respect to the receiver, the retainer being in slidableengagement with the receiver seating surface, the retainer beingsubstantially spaced from the compression insert at any and all angularpositions of the shank with respect to the receiver.
 2. The bone anchorof claim 1 wherein the second section is at least partially conical. 3.The bone anchor of claim 1 further comprising a rib projecting radiallyoutward from at least the shank second section, the rib being disposedwithin the through slit of the retainer.
 4. The bone anchor of claim 3wherein the rib projects radially outward from a portion of the firstsection, the rib being spaced from the shank upper surface.
 5. The boneanchor of claim 1 wherein the compression insert mating surface isconcave and the shank upper surface is convex.
 6. The bone anchor ofclaim 1 wherein the receiver seating surface is at least partiallyspherical and the retainer has an outer at least partially sphericalsurface.
 7. The bone anchor of claim 1 wherein the shank upper portionhas a tool engagement formation formed thereon adapted for non-slipengagement by a tool for driving the bone screw shank body into bone. 8.The bone anchor of claim 1 wherein the retainer is sized and shaped tobe bottom-loadable into the receiver.
 9. The bone anchor of claim 1wherein the retainer comprises first and second spaced ends, theretainer being compressible and expandable with the first and secondends being movable toward and away from one another.
 10. The bone anchorof claim 9 wherein the retainer has a central axis, the first and secondends each being substantially planar surfaces running substantiallyparallel to the axis.
 11. The bone anchor of claim 9 wherein theretainer has a central axis, the first and second ends each beingsubstantially planar surfaces running at an angle oblique to the axis.12. The bone anchor of claim 1 wherein the bone screw shank iscannulated.
 13. The bone anchor of claim 1 further comprising a closurestructure insertable into the receiver, the closure structure foroperably urging the insert into fixed frictional engagement with thebone screw shank upper portion and moving the shank in a direction tofrictionally lock the position of the retainer with respect to thereceiver, thereby locking the shank body in a selected angle withrespect to the receiver.
 14. The bone anchor of claim 13 wherein: a) thereceiver has upstanding spaced arms defining the open channel, the armshaving guide and advancement structures on an inside surface thereof;and b) the closure structure is sized and shaped to be positionablebetween the arms for closing the channel, the closure structure having aclosure guide and advancement structure for rotatably mating with theguide and advancement structures on the arms, biasing the closurestructure upon advancement rotation against a longitudinal connectingmember disposed in the channel.
 15. The bone anchor of claim 1 furthercomprising resilient structure extending from the receiver and biasingagainst the compression insert at a depression formed in a surface ofthe insert, the resilient structure prohibiting rotational movement ofthe compression insert within the receiver.
 16. A polyaxial bone screwassembly comprising: (a) a shank having a body for fixation to a boneand an upper portion, the upper portion having an upper surface, aconical surface portion and a non-conical surface portion adjacent theconical surface portion; (b) a receiver having a top portion and a base,the receiver top portion defining an open channel, the base having aseating surface partially defining a cavity, the channel communicatingwith the cavity, the cavity communicating with an exterior of the basethrough an opening sized and shaped to receive the shank upper portiontherethrough; and (c) a retainer having a top surface substantiallyspaced from the upper surface of the upper portion, the retainerdefining a through slit and having an internal surface with a firstinner surface portion sized and shaped to substantially frictionallyengage the shank conical surface portion and a second inner surfacesized and shaped to substantially frictionally engage a portion of theshank non-conical surface portion, the shank upper portion and theretainer being in fixed relation to one another, both the upper portionand the retainer being in swivelable relation within the receiver,providing selective angular positioning of the shank with respect to thereceiver, the retainer having an outer surface in slidable engagementwith the receiver seating surface.
 17. The assembly of claim 16 furthercomprising a compression insert disposed adjacent the shank upperportion and substantially spaced from the retainer.
 18. The assembly ofclaim 17 wherein the non-conical surface portion is substantiallycylindrical.
 19. The assembly of claim 16 further comprising a ribprojecting radially outward from at least the shank conical surfaceportion, the rib being disposed within the through slit of the retainer.20. The assembly of claim 19 wherein the rib projects radially outwardfrom a portion of the non-conical surface portion, the rib being spacedfrom the shank upper surface.
 21. A polyaxial bone screw assemblycomprising: (a) a shank having a body for fixation to a bone and anupper portion, the upper portion having a first conical surface portionand a radially outwardly extending alignment structure; (b) a receiverhaving a top portion and a base, the receiver top portion defining anopen channel, the base having a seating surface partially defining acavity, the channel communicating with the cavity, the cavitycommunicating with an exterior of the base through an opening sized andshaped to receive the shank upper portion therethrough; and (c) aretainer defining a through slot and having an internal surface with asecond conical surface portion sized and shaped to substantiallyfrictionally engage the first conical surface portion, the retainer slotsized and shaped for receiving the alignment structure.
 22. The assemblyof claim 21 further comprising a compression insert disposed adjacentthe shank upper portion and substantially spaced from the retainer. 23.In a polyaxial bone screw assembly for surgical implantation andincluding a shank having an upper end and a threaded body for insertinginto a bone and a receiver having an outward opening channel adapted toreceive a longitudinal connecting member within the channel, thereceiver having a shank receiving opening, the improvement comprising:(a) a rib projecting radially outward from the shank near the upper end;(b) an open retainer structure frictionally engaging the rib; and (c) acompression insert disposed adjacent the shank upper portion andsubstantially spaced from the retainer.
 24. In a polyaxial bone screwassembly for surgical implantation and including a shank having acentral axis of rotation, an upper end and a threaded body for insertinginto a bone and a receiver having an outward opening channel adapted toreceive a longitudinal connecting member within the channel, thereceiver having a shank receiving opening, the improvement wherein: a)the shank upper end has an upper surface, a first outer surfacegenerally disposed about the central axis and a second outer surfacealso disposed about the central axis and being inset from the firstouter surface; and further comprising: b) a compression insert disposedin the receiver, the insert having a mating surface exclusivelyfrictionally engageable with the shank upper surface; and c) a retainerhaving a through slit and an internal surface sized and shaped toclosely receive the shank at the insert surface, the shank upper end andthe retainer being in fixed relation to one another, both the shank andthe retainer being in swivelable relation within the receiver, providingselective angular positioning of the shank with respect to the receiver,the retainer being in slidable engagement with a receiver seatingsurface, the retainer being substantially spaced from the compressioninsert at any and all angular positions of the shank with respect to thereceiver.
 25. A polyaxial bone anchor comprising: a) a shank having i) abody sized and shaped fixation to a bone and generally aligned along anaxis of rotation; and ii) an upper portion generally aligned along theaxis and having an upper surface, a first cylindrical section locatedadjacent to the upper surface and having a first diameter measuredperpendicular to the axis, and a second cylindrical section locatedbetween the body and the first section and having a second diametermeasured perpendicular to the axis, wherein the second diameter is lessthan the first diameter; b) a receiver having i) a base having an innerseating surface partially defining a cavity communicating with anexterior of the base through an opening sized and shaped to receive theshank upper portion therethrough, and ii) a top portion defining an openchannel sized and shaped to receive a portion of a stabilization rod orother longitudinal stabilization member, the channel being incommunication with the cavity; c) a compression insert disposed in thereceiver, the insert having a mating surface exclusively frictionallyengageable with the upper surface of the shank upper portion; and d) aretainer having an internal surface sized and shaped to closely receivethe shank upper portion, the shank upper portion and the retainer beingin non-pivotal engagement with one to the other, both the upper portionand the retainer being in swivelable relation within the receiver,providing selective angular positioning of the shank with respect to thereceiver, the retainer being in slidable engagement with the receiverseating surface, the retainer being spaced from the compression insertat any and all angular positions of the shank with respect to thereceiver.
 26. The bone anchor of claim 25 wherein the second section isat least partially conical.
 27. The bone anchor of claim 25 furthercomprising a rib projecting radially outward from at least the shanksecond section, the rib being disposed within the through slit of theretainer.
 28. The bone anchor of claim 27 wherein the rib projectsradially outward from a portion of the first section, the rib beingspaced from the shank upper surface.
 29. The bone anchor of claim 25wherein shank upper portion includes an annular seating surface locatedbetween the upper and lower surfaces, the annular seating surfacematingly engaging a second annular seating surface of the retainer. 30.The bone anchor of claim 1 wherein shank upper portion includes anannular seating surface located between the upper and lower surfaces,the annular seating surface matingly engaging a second annular seatingsurface of the retainer.
 31. A polyaxial bone anchor comprising: a) ashank having a body for fixation to a bone and an upper portion, thebody and upper portion being generally aligned along an axis of rotationthereof, the upper portion having an upper surface, a first cylindricalsection and a second cylindrical section, the first section beingadjacent the upper surface, the first section having a first diametermeasured perpendicular to the axis, the second section having a seconddiameter measured perpendicular to the axis, the second diameter beingreduced with respect to the first diameter, the second section beingdisposed between the body and the first section; b) a receiver having atop portion and a base, the receiver top portion defining an openchannel, the base having a seating surface partially defining a cavity,the channel communicating with the cavity, the cavity communicating withan exterior of the base through an opening sized and shaped to receivethe shank upper portion therethrough; c) a compression insert disposedin the receiver, the insert having a mating surface exclusivelyfrictionally engageable with the upper surface of the shank upperportion; and d) a retainer having an internal surface sized and shapedto closely receive the shank upper portion, the shank upper portion andthe retainer being in non-swivelable relation to one another, both theupper portion and the retainer being in swivelable relation within thereceiver, providing selective angular positioning of the shank withrespect to the receiver, the retainer being in slidable engagement withthe receiver seating surface, the retainer being spaced from thecompression insert at any and all angular positions of the shank withrespect to the receiver.
 32. The bone anchor of claim 31 wherein thesecond section is at least partially conical.
 33. The bone anchor ofclaim 25, wherein the retainer includes a through slit and the internalsurface is sized and shaped to closely receive the shank upper portionat the second section.
 34. The bone anchor of claim 31 wherein thesecond section is substantially cylindrical.
 35. The bone anchor ofclaim 31 wherein the first section is substantially cylindrical.
 36. Apolyaxial bone anchor comprising: a) a shank having a body for fixationto a bone and an upper portion, the body and upper portion beinggenerally aligned along an axis of rotation thereof, the upper portionhaving an upper surface, a first cylindrical section and a secondcylindrical section, the first cylindrical section being adjacent theupper surface, the first cylindrical section having a first diametermeasured perpendicular to the axis, the second cylindrical sectionhaving a second diameter measured perpendicular to the axis, the seconddiameter being reduced with respect to the first diameter, the secondcylindrical section being disposed between the body and the firstcylindrical section; b) a receiver having a top portion and a base, thereceiver top portion defining an open channel, the base having a seatingsurface partially defining a cavity, the channel communicating with thecavity, the cavity communicating with an exterior of the base through anopening sized and shaped to receive the shank upper portiontherethrough; c) a compression insert disposed in the receiver, theinsert having a mating surface exclusively frictionally engageable withthe upper surface of the shank upper portion; and d) a retainer having athrough slit and an internal cylindrical surface sized and shaped toclosely receive the shank upper portion, the shank upper portion and theretainer being in non-swivelable relation to one another, both the upperportion and the retainer being in swivelable relation within thereceiver, providing selective angular positioning of the shank withrespect to the receiver, the retainer being in slidable engagement withthe receiver seating surface, the retainer being substantially spacedfrom the compression insert at any and all angular positions of theshank with respect to the receiver.
 37. A polyaxial bone anchorcomprising: a) a shank having a body for fixation to a bone and an upperportion, the body and upper portion being generally aligned along anaxis of rotation thereof, the upper portion having an upper surface, afirst cylindrical section and a second cylindrical section, the firstsection being adjacent the upper surface, the first section having afirst diameter measured perpendicular to the axis, the second sectionhaving a second diameter measured perpendicular to the axis, the seconddiameter being reduced with respect to the first diameter, the secondsection being disposed between the body and the first section; b) areceiver having a top portion and a base, the receiver top portiondefining an open channel, the base having a seating surface partiallydefining a cavity, the channel communicating with the cavity, the cavitycommunicating with an exterior of the base through an opening sized andshaped to receive the shank upper portion therethrough; c) a compressioninsert disposed in the receiver, the insert having a mating surfaceexclusively frictionally engageable with the upper surface of the shankupper portion; and d) a retainer having a through slit and an internalsurface sized and shaped to closely receive the shank upper portion, theshank upper portion and the retainer being in non-swivelable relation toone another, both the upper portion and the retainer being in swivelablerelation within the receiver, providing selective angular positioning ofthe shank with respect to the receiver, the retainer being in slidableengagement with the receiver seating surface, the retainer beingsubstantially spaced from the compression insert at any and all angularpositions of the shank with respect to the receiver, and wherein theretainer is positionable with the receiver cavity and expandable by theshank upper portion when engaged by the shank upper portion.